"dun" meaning in Old English

{
  "descendants": [
    {
      "descendants": [
        {
          "lang": "English",
          "lang_code": "en",
          "word": "down"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Scots",
          "lang_code": "sco",
          "word": "doun"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Scots",
          "lang_code": "sco",
          "word": "down"
        }
      ],
      "lang": "Middle English",
      "lang_code": "enm",
      "word": "doun"
    },
    {
      "descendants": [
        {
          "lang": "English",
          "lang_code": "en",
          "word": "down"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Scots",
          "lang_code": "sco",
          "word": "doun"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Scots",
          "lang_code": "sco",
          "word": "down"
        }
      ],
      "lang": "Middle English",
      "lang_code": "enm",
      "word": "doune"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_links": [
    [
      "*dūnu",
      "Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/dūnā"
    ],
    [
      "*dūnā",
      "Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/dūnā"
    ],
    [
      "*dūnaz",
      "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/dūnaz"
    ],
    [
      "*dʰewh₂-",
      "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/dʰewh₂-"
    ],
    [
      "*dūnom",
      "Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/dūnom"
    ]
  ],
  "etymology_number": "1",
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ang",
        "2": ":inh",
        "3": "gmw-pro:*dūnā",
        "id": "hill"
      },
      "expansion": "[Appendix:Glossary#inherited|Inherited]] from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" }, { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"der.\", \"keyword_label\" : \"Derived from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"is_uncertain\" : true, \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"alt\" : \"*duh₂-nós\", \"gloss\" : \"lasting, durable\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"alt\" : \"*dewh₂-\", \"gloss\" : \"to last\", \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*dweh₂-\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" }, { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-nós\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"is_uncertain\" : true, \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Celtic\", \"term\" : \"*dūnom\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"cel-pro\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"derived\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-West Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*dūnā\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"gmw-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Old English\", \"term\" : \"dun\", \"lang\" : \"ang\" }\" data-id=\"hill\" data-lang=\"ang\" data-title=\"dun\" id=\"Old_English:_hill\">",
      "name": "etymon"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ang",
        "2": "gmw-pro",
        "3": "*dūnā",
        "4": "*dūnu"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *dūnu",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ang",
        "2": "gem-pro",
        "3": "*dūnaz",
        "t": "heap, pile"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *dūnaz (“heap, pile”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ang",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*dʰewh₂-",
        "t": "to smoke, fume, raise dust"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *dʰewh₂- (“to smoke, fume, raise dust”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ang",
        "2": "cel-pro",
        "3": "*dūnom"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Celtic *dūnom",
      "name": "der"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Proto-West Germanic *dūnu, *dūnā (“sand dune”), possibly from Proto-Germanic *dūnaz (“heap, pile”), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰewh₂- (“to smoke, fume, raise dust”); or alternatively a late borrowing from Proto-Celtic *dūnom from the same Proto-Indo-European source.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "dūn",
      "tags": [
        "canonical",
        "feminine"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ang-decl-noun-o-f",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dūn",
      "links": [
        [
          "dūn",
          "dun#Old_English"
        ]
      ],
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dūna",
      "links": [
        [
          "dūna",
          "duna#Old_English"
        ]
      ],
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dūne",
      "links": [
        [
          "dūne",
          "dune#Old_English"
        ]
      ],
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dūne",
      "links": [
        [
          "dūne",
          "dune#Old_English"
        ]
      ],
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dūna",
      "links": [
        [
          "dūna",
          "duna#Old_English"
        ]
      ],
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dūne",
      "links": [
        [
          "dūne",
          "dune#Old_English"
        ]
      ],
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dūne",
      "links": [
        [
          "dūne",
          "dune#Old_English"
        ]
      ],
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dūna",
      "links": [
        [
          "dūna",
          "duna#Old_English"
        ]
      ],
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dūne",
      "links": [
        [
          "dūne",
          "dune#Old_English"
        ]
      ],
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dūnum",
      "links": [
        [
          "dūnum",
          "dunum#Old_English"
        ]
      ],
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "plural"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "f",
        "head": "dūn"
      },
      "expansion": "dūn f",
      "name": "ang-noun"
    }
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "dūn"
      },
      "name": "ang-decl-noun-o-f"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "dūn",
        "2": "dūna,dūne",
        "3": "dūne",
        "4": "dūna,dūne",
        "5": "dūne",
        "6": "dūna",
        "7": "dūne",
        "8": "dūnum",
        "num": "",
        "title": "",
        "type": "strong ō-stem"
      },
      "name": "ang-decl-noun"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Old English",
  "lang_code": "ang",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Old English entries with etymon",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "70 30",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Old English entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages using etymon with no ID",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "10 90",
          "kind": "other",
          "langcode": "ang",
          "name": "Landforms",
          "orig": "ang:Landforms",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "derived": [
        {
          "english": "Abingdon",
          "translation": "Abingdon",
          "word": "Abban dūn"
        },
        {
          "english": "Durholm",
          "translation": "Durholm",
          "word": "Dūnhām"
        },
        {
          "tags": [
            "Durham"
          ],
          "word": "Dūnholm"
        },
        {
          "english": "a male given name",
          "translation": "a male given name",
          "word": "Dūnstān"
        },
        {
          "english": "a male given name",
          "translation": "a male given name",
          "word": "Dūnweald"
        },
        {
          "english": "Allington",
          "translation": "Allington",
          "word": "Ellendūn"
        },
        {
          "english": "Edington",
          "translation": "Edington",
          "word": "Eþandūn"
        },
        {
          "word": "Henġestdūn"
        },
        {
          "english": "Repton",
          "translation": "Repton",
          "word": "Hreopadūn"
        },
        {
          "english": "Huntington",
          "translation": "Huntington",
          "word": "Huntandūn"
        },
        {
          "english": "Maldon",
          "translation": "Maldon",
          "word": "Mældūn"
        },
        {
          "word": "ofdūne"
        }
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "\"Take your only-begotten son Isaac, whom you love, and quickly go to the land of Visionis, and sacrifice him there upon a mountain.\"",
          "roman": "\"Nim þīnne āncennedan sunu Īsaac, þe þū lufast, and far tō þām lande Visionis hraþe, and ġeoffra hine þǣr uppan ānre dūne.\"",
          "text": "Old English Heptateuch, Genesis 22:2",
          "translation": "\"Take your only-begotten son Isaac, whom you love, and quickly go to the land of Visionis, and sacrifice him there upon a mountain.\"",
          "type": "quotation"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "hill, mountain"
      ],
      "id": "en-dun-ang-noun-0bBTfiCP",
      "links": [
        [
          "hill",
          "hill"
        ],
        [
          "mountain",
          "mountain"
        ]
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/duːn/"
    }
  ],
  "word": "dun"
}

{
  "etymology_number": "2",
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {},
      "expansion": "dun",
      "name": "ang-adj"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Old English",
  "lang_code": "ang",
  "pos": "adj",
  "senses": [
    {
      "alt_of": [
        {
          "word": "dunn"
        }
      ],
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "70 30",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Old English entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "alternative form of dunn"
      ],
      "id": "en-dun-ang-adj-ZRsHQdOq",
      "links": [
        [
          "dunn",
          "dunn#Old_English"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "alt-of",
        "alternative"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/dun/"
    }
  ],
  "word": "dun"
}

{
  "categories": [
    "Old English adjectives",
    "Old English entries with etymon",
    "Old English entries with incorrect language header",
    "Old English feminine nouns",
    "Old English lemmas",
    "Old English nouns",
    "Old English terms derived from Proto-Celtic",
    "Old English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
    "Old English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
    "Old English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
    "Old English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *dweh₂-",
    "Old English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
    "Old English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
    "Old English terms with IPA pronunciation",
    "Old English ō-stem nouns",
    "Pages using etymon with no ID",
    "Pages with 25 entries",
    "Pages with entries",
    "Pages with etymon",
    "ang:Landforms"
  ],
  "derived": [
    {
      "english": "Abingdon",
      "translation": "Abingdon",
      "word": "Abban dūn"
    },
    {
      "english": "Durholm",
      "translation": "Durholm",
      "word": "Dūnhām"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Durham"
      ],
      "word": "Dūnholm"
    },
    {
      "english": "a male given name",
      "translation": "a male given name",
      "word": "Dūnstān"
    },
    {
      "english": "a male given name",
      "translation": "a male given name",
      "word": "Dūnweald"
    },
    {
      "english": "Allington",
      "translation": "Allington",
      "word": "Ellendūn"
    },
    {
      "english": "Edington",
      "translation": "Edington",
      "word": "Eþandūn"
    },
    {
      "word": "Henġestdūn"
    },
    {
      "english": "Repton",
      "translation": "Repton",
      "word": "Hreopadūn"
    },
    {
      "english": "Huntington",
      "translation": "Huntington",
      "word": "Huntandūn"
    },
    {
      "english": "Maldon",
      "translation": "Maldon",
      "word": "Mældūn"
    },
    {
      "word": "ofdūne"
    }
  ],
  "descendants": [
    {
      "descendants": [
        {
          "lang": "English",
          "lang_code": "en",
          "word": "down"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Scots",
          "lang_code": "sco",
          "word": "doun"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Scots",
          "lang_code": "sco",
          "word": "down"
        }
      ],
      "lang": "Middle English",
      "lang_code": "enm",
      "word": "doun"
    },
    {
      "descendants": [
        {
          "lang": "English",
          "lang_code": "en",
          "word": "down"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Scots",
          "lang_code": "sco",
          "word": "doun"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Scots",
          "lang_code": "sco",
          "word": "down"
        }
      ],
      "lang": "Middle English",
      "lang_code": "enm",
      "word": "doune"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_links": [
    [
      "*dūnu",
      "Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/dūnā"
    ],
    [
      "*dūnā",
      "Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/dūnā"
    ],
    [
      "*dūnaz",
      "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/dūnaz"
    ],
    [
      "*dʰewh₂-",
      "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/dʰewh₂-"
    ],
    [
      "*dūnom",
      "Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/dūnom"
    ]
  ],
  "etymology_number": "1",
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ang",
        "2": ":inh",
        "3": "gmw-pro:*dūnā",
        "id": "hill"
      },
      "expansion": "[Appendix:Glossary#inherited|Inherited]] from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" }, { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"der.\", \"keyword_label\" : \"Derived from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"is_uncertain\" : true, \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"alt\" : \"*duh₂-nós\", \"gloss\" : \"lasting, durable\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"alt\" : \"*dewh₂-\", \"gloss\" : \"to last\", \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*dweh₂-\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" }, { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-nós\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"is_uncertain\" : true, \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Celtic\", \"term\" : \"*dūnom\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"cel-pro\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"derived\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-West Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*dūnā\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"gmw-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Old English\", \"term\" : \"dun\", \"lang\" : \"ang\" }\" data-id=\"hill\" data-lang=\"ang\" data-title=\"dun\" id=\"Old_English:_hill\">",
      "name": "etymon"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ang",
        "2": "gmw-pro",
        "3": "*dūnā",
        "4": "*dūnu"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *dūnu",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ang",
        "2": "gem-pro",
        "3": "*dūnaz",
        "t": "heap, pile"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *dūnaz (“heap, pile”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ang",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*dʰewh₂-",
        "t": "to smoke, fume, raise dust"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *dʰewh₂- (“to smoke, fume, raise dust”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ang",
        "2": "cel-pro",
        "3": "*dūnom"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Celtic *dūnom",
      "name": "der"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Proto-West Germanic *dūnu, *dūnā (“sand dune”), possibly from Proto-Germanic *dūnaz (“heap, pile”), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰewh₂- (“to smoke, fume, raise dust”); or alternatively a late borrowing from Proto-Celtic *dūnom from the same Proto-Indo-European source.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "dūn",
      "tags": [
        "canonical",
        "feminine"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ang-decl-noun-o-f",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dūn",
      "links": [
        [
          "dūn",
          "dun#Old_English"
        ]
      ],
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dūna",
      "links": [
        [
          "dūna",
          "duna#Old_English"
        ]
      ],
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dūne",
      "links": [
        [
          "dūne",
          "dune#Old_English"
        ]
      ],
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dūne",
      "links": [
        [
          "dūne",
          "dune#Old_English"
        ]
      ],
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dūna",
      "links": [
        [
          "dūna",
          "duna#Old_English"
        ]
      ],
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dūne",
      "links": [
        [
          "dūne",
          "dune#Old_English"
        ]
      ],
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dūne",
      "links": [
        [
          "dūne",
          "dune#Old_English"
        ]
      ],
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dūna",
      "links": [
        [
          "dūna",
          "duna#Old_English"
        ]
      ],
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dūne",
      "links": [
        [
          "dūne",
          "dune#Old_English"
        ]
      ],
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dūnum",
      "links": [
        [
          "dūnum",
          "dunum#Old_English"
        ]
      ],
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "plural"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "f",
        "head": "dūn"
      },
      "expansion": "dūn f",
      "name": "ang-noun"
    }
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "dūn"
      },
      "name": "ang-decl-noun-o-f"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "dūn",
        "2": "dūna,dūne",
        "3": "dūne",
        "4": "dūna,dūne",
        "5": "dūne",
        "6": "dūna",
        "7": "dūne",
        "8": "dūnum",
        "num": "",
        "title": "",
        "type": "strong ō-stem"
      },
      "name": "ang-decl-noun"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Old English",
  "lang_code": "ang",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "Old English terms with quotations"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "\"Take your only-begotten son Isaac, whom you love, and quickly go to the land of Visionis, and sacrifice him there upon a mountain.\"",
          "roman": "\"Nim þīnne āncennedan sunu Īsaac, þe þū lufast, and far tō þām lande Visionis hraþe, and ġeoffra hine þǣr uppan ānre dūne.\"",
          "text": "Old English Heptateuch, Genesis 22:2",
          "translation": "\"Take your only-begotten son Isaac, whom you love, and quickly go to the land of Visionis, and sacrifice him there upon a mountain.\"",
          "type": "quotation"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "hill, mountain"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "hill",
          "hill"
        ],
        [
          "mountain",
          "mountain"
        ]
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/duːn/"
    }
  ],
  "word": "dun"
}

{
  "categories": [
    "Old English adjectives",
    "Old English entries with incorrect language header",
    "Old English lemmas",
    "Old English terms with IPA pronunciation",
    "Pages with 25 entries",
    "Pages with entries",
    "ang:Landforms"
  ],
  "etymology_number": "2",
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {},
      "expansion": "dun",
      "name": "ang-adj"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Old English",
  "lang_code": "ang",
  "pos": "adj",
  "senses": [
    {
      "alt_of": [
        {
          "word": "dunn"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "alternative form of dunn"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "dunn",
          "dunn#Old_English"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "alt-of",
        "alternative"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/dun/"
    }
  ],
  "word": "dun"
}