dun in Old English

IPA: /duːn/ [Show additional information ▼] [Hide additional information ▲]

Etymology: From Proto-West Germanic *dūnu, *dūnā (“sand dune”), possibly from Proto-Germanic *dūnaz (“heap, pile”), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰewh₂- (“to smoke, fume, raise dust”); or alternatively a late borrowing from Proto-Celtic *dūnom from the same Proto-Indo-European source. Etymology templates: {{inh|ang|gmw-pro|*dūnā|*dūnu}} Proto-West Germanic *dūnu, {{der|ang|gem-pro|*dūnaz|t=heap, pile}} Proto-Germanic *dūnaz (“heap, pile”), {{der|ang|ine-pro|*dʰewh₂-|t=to smoke, fume, raise dust}} Proto-Indo-European *dʰewh₂- (“to smoke, fume, raise dust”), {{der|ang|cel-pro|*dūnom}} Proto-Celtic *dūnom Head templates: {{head|ang|nouns|||||g=f|g2=|g3=|head=dūn|sort=}} dūn f, {{ang-noun|f|head=dūn}} dūn f Inflection templates: {{ang-decl-noun-o-f|dūn}}, {{ang-decl-noun|dūn|dūna,dūne|dūne|dūna,dūne|dūne|dūna|dūne|dūnum|num=|title=|type=strong ō-stem}} Forms: dūn [canonical, feminine], no-table-tags [table-tags], dūn [nominative, singular], dūna [nominative, plural], dūne [nominative, plural], dūne [accusative, singular], dūna [accusative, plural], dūne [accusative, plural], dūne [genitive, singular], dūna [genitive, plural], dūne [dative, singular], dūnum [dative, plural]

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{
  "descendants": [
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "enm",
            "2": "doun",
            "3": "doune"
          },
          "expansion": "Middle English: doun, doune",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Middle English: doun, doune"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "en",
            "2": "down"
          },
          "expansion": "English: down",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "English: down"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "sco",
            "2": "doun",
            "3": "down"
          },
          "expansion": "Scots: doun, down",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Scots: doun, down"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ang",
        "2": "gmw-pro",
        "3": "*dūnā",
        "4": "*dūnu"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *dūnu",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ang",
        "2": "gem-pro",
        "3": "*dūnaz",
        "t": "heap, pile"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *dūnaz (“heap, pile”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ang",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*dʰewh₂-",
        "t": "to smoke, fume, raise dust"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *dʰewh₂- (“to smoke, fume, raise dust”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ang",
        "2": "cel-pro",
        "3": "*dūnom"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Celtic *dūnom",
      "name": "der"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Proto-West Germanic *dūnu, *dūnā (“sand dune”), possibly from Proto-Germanic *dūnaz (“heap, pile”), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰewh₂- (“to smoke, fume, raise dust”); or alternatively a late borrowing from Proto-Celtic *dūnom from the same Proto-Indo-European source.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "dūn",
      "tags": [
        "canonical",
        "feminine"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ang-decl-noun-o-f",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dūn",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dūna",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dūne",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dūne",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dūna",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dūne",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dūne",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dūna",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dūne",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dūnum",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "plural"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ang",
        "2": "nouns",
        "3": "",
        "4": "",
        "5": "",
        "6": "",
        "g": "f",
        "g2": "",
        "g3": "",
        "head": "dūn",
        "sort": ""
      },
      "expansion": "dūn f",
      "name": "head"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "f",
        "head": "dūn"
      },
      "expansion": "dūn f",
      "name": "ang-noun"
    }
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "dūn"
      },
      "name": "ang-decl-noun-o-f"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "dūn",
        "2": "dūna,dūne",
        "3": "dūne",
        "4": "dūna,dūne",
        "5": "dūne",
        "6": "dūna",
        "7": "dūne",
        "8": "dūnum",
        "num": "",
        "title": "",
        "type": "strong ō-stem"
      },
      "name": "ang-decl-noun"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Old English",
  "lang_code": "ang",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Old English entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with 22 entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "place",
          "langcode": "ang",
          "name": "Landforms",
          "orig": "ang:Landforms",
          "parents": [
            "Earth",
            "Places",
            "Nature",
            "Names",
            "All topics",
            "Proper nouns",
            "Terms by semantic function",
            "Fundamental",
            "Nouns",
            "Lemmas"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        }
      ],
      "derived": [
        {
          "word": "ofdūne"
        }
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "\"Take your only-begotten son Isaac, whom you love, and quickly go to the land of Visionis, and sacrifice him there upon a mountain.\"",
          "roman": "\"Nim þīnne āncennedan sunu Īsaac, þe þū lufast, and far tō þām lande Visionis hraþe, and ġeoffra hine þǣr uppan ānre dūne.\"",
          "text": "Old English Heptateuch, Genesis 22:2",
          "type": "quotation"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "hill, mountain"
      ],
      "id": "en-dun-ang-noun-0bBTfiCP",
      "links": [
        [
          "hill",
          "hill"
        ],
        [
          "mountain",
          "mountain"
        ]
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/duːn/"
    }
  ],
  "word": "dun"
}

[Show JSON for raw wiktextract data ▼] [Hide JSON for raw wiktextract data ▲]

{
  "categories": [
    "Pages with 22 entries",
    "Pages with entries"
  ],
  "derived": [
    {
      "word": "ofdūne"
    }
  ],
  "descendants": [
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "enm",
            "2": "doun",
            "3": "doune"
          },
          "expansion": "Middle English: doun, doune",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Middle English: doun, doune"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "en",
            "2": "down"
          },
          "expansion": "English: down",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "English: down"
    },
    {
      "depth": 2,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "sco",
            "2": "doun",
            "3": "down"
          },
          "expansion": "Scots: doun, down",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Scots: doun, down"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ang",
        "2": "gmw-pro",
        "3": "*dūnā",
        "4": "*dūnu"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *dūnu",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ang",
        "2": "gem-pro",
        "3": "*dūnaz",
        "t": "heap, pile"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *dūnaz (“heap, pile”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ang",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*dʰewh₂-",
        "t": "to smoke, fume, raise dust"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *dʰewh₂- (“to smoke, fume, raise dust”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ang",
        "2": "cel-pro",
        "3": "*dūnom"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Celtic *dūnom",
      "name": "der"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Proto-West Germanic *dūnu, *dūnā (“sand dune”), possibly from Proto-Germanic *dūnaz (“heap, pile”), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰewh₂- (“to smoke, fume, raise dust”); or alternatively a late borrowing from Proto-Celtic *dūnom from the same Proto-Indo-European source.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "dūn",
      "tags": [
        "canonical",
        "feminine"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ang-decl-noun-o-f",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dūn",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dūna",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dūne",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dūne",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dūna",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dūne",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dūne",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dūna",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dūne",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dūnum",
      "source": "declension",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "plural"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ang",
        "2": "nouns",
        "3": "",
        "4": "",
        "5": "",
        "6": "",
        "g": "f",
        "g2": "",
        "g3": "",
        "head": "dūn",
        "sort": ""
      },
      "expansion": "dūn f",
      "name": "head"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "f",
        "head": "dūn"
      },
      "expansion": "dūn f",
      "name": "ang-noun"
    }
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "dūn"
      },
      "name": "ang-decl-noun-o-f"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "dūn",
        "2": "dūna,dūne",
        "3": "dūne",
        "4": "dūna,dūne",
        "5": "dūne",
        "6": "dūna",
        "7": "dūne",
        "8": "dūnum",
        "num": "",
        "title": "",
        "type": "strong ō-stem"
      },
      "name": "ang-decl-noun"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Old English",
  "lang_code": "ang",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "Old English entries with incorrect language header",
        "Old English feminine nouns",
        "Old English lemmas",
        "Old English nouns",
        "Old English terms derived from Proto-Celtic",
        "Old English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
        "Old English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
        "Old English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
        "Old English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
        "Old English terms with IPA pronunciation",
        "Old English terms with quotations",
        "Old English ō-stem nouns",
        "Pages with 22 entries",
        "Pages with entries",
        "ang:Landforms"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "\"Take your only-begotten son Isaac, whom you love, and quickly go to the land of Visionis, and sacrifice him there upon a mountain.\"",
          "roman": "\"Nim þīnne āncennedan sunu Īsaac, þe þū lufast, and far tō þām lande Visionis hraþe, and ġeoffra hine þǣr uppan ānre dūne.\"",
          "text": "Old English Heptateuch, Genesis 22:2",
          "type": "quotation"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "hill, mountain"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "hill",
          "hill"
        ],
        [
          "mountain",
          "mountain"
        ]
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/duːn/"
    }
  ],
  "word": "dun"
}

This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Old English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-12-21 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-12-04 using wiktextract (d8cb2f3 and 4e554ae). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.

If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.

"dun" meaning in Old English

Noun